{"id":3978,"date":"2025-02-04T15:09:29","date_gmt":"2025-02-04T13:09:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/?p=3978"},"modified":"2026-05-27T11:17:37","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T09:17:37","slug":"tsn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/tsn\/","title":{"rendered":"TIME-SENSITIVE NETWORKING (TSN)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-gb3978-6a2a18db6775a\"  class=\"panel-layout wp-block-siteorigin-panels-layout-block\" ><div id=\"pg-gb3978-6a2a18db6775a-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div class=\"siteorigin-panels-stretch panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-gb3978-6a2a18db6775a-0\" data-stretch-type=\"full-width-stretch\" ><div id=\"pgc-gb3978-6a2a18db6775a-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-gb3978-6a2a18db6775a-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-hero panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-hero so-widget-sow-hero-default-93415d0e2dbf-3978 so-widget-fittext-wrapper\"\n\t\t\t data-fit-text-compressor=\"0.85\"\n\t\t>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-slider-base\" style=\"display: none\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-slider-images\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-settings=\"{&quot;pagination&quot;:true,&quot;speed&quot;:800,&quot;timeout&quot;:8000,&quot;paused&quot;:false,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:false,&quot;swipe&quot;:true,&quot;nav_always_show_desktop&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nav_always_show_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;breakpoint&quot;:&quot;780px&quot;,&quot;unmute&quot;:false,&quot;anchor&quot;:null}\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t>\t\t<li class=\"sow-slider-image\" style=\"visibility: visible;;background-color: #1e73be\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-slider-image-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-slider-image-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"..\/research-lines\/\">L\u00edneas de investigaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/h3>\n<h1 class=\"ultp-block-title\" style=\"text-align: center\">TIME-SENSITIVE NETWORKING (TSN)<\/h1>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\t\t\t\t<ol class=\"sow-slider-pagination\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"#\" data-goto=\"0\" aria-label=\"mostrar diapositiva 1\"><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-slide-nav sow-slide-nav-next\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" data-goto=\"next\" aria-label=\"diapositiva siguiente\" data-action=\"next\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<em class=\"sow-sld-icon-thin-right\"><\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-slide-nav sow-slide-nav-prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" data-goto=\"previous\" aria-label=\"diapositiva anterior\" data-action=\"prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<em class=\"sow-sld-icon-thin-left\"><\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2>Contents<\/h2>\n<ul>\n  <li><a href=\"#what-is-tsn\">What is Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)?<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#domains\">Application domains and outlook<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#research-group\">Research Group<\/a>\n    <ul>\n      <li><a href=\"#team\">Investigadores<\/a>\n        <ul>\n          <li><a href=\"#senior\">Senior researchers<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"#industry\">Industry collaborators<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"#phd\">PhD students<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#publications\">Recent publications<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#collaboration\">Collaboration opportunities<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#primer\">A TSN primer<\/a>\n    <ul>\n      <li><a href=\"#components\">Main components<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#traffic-classes\">Domain requirements and traffic classes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#bridges\">Bridges and traffic management<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#contact\">Links and contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"what-is-tsn\">What is Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)?<\/h2>\n<p>Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of IEEE 802.1 standards targeting the data link layer, with active development since 2012 and growing adoption in industrial products. Its central objective is to provide standardized mechanisms that guarantee deterministic communication over Ethernet and Wi-Fi networks where traffic of heterogeneous temporal criticality coexists \u2014 from latency-sensitive operational technology (OT) control flows to best-effort IT traffic.<\/p>\n<p>This convergence on a common Ethernet backbone simplifies industrial infrastructure, reducing reliance on proprietary networks and fieldbuses while enabling interoperability across devices from different manufacturers. Established industrial protocols such as Profinet and TTEthernet can be integrated within the same framework. Major automation vendors, including Siemens and ABB, have already incorporated TSN support into their product lines, signaling an industry-wide shift toward standards-based deterministic networking.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"domains\">Application domains and outlook<\/h2>\n<p>TSN has strong prospects across several sectors, including industrial automation (Industry 4.0\/5.0), automotive, aeronautics, and the power sector. It also underpins broader initiatives such as DetNet (Deterministic Internet), which extends deterministic guarantees beyond the local network.<\/p>\n<p>Adoption rates vary considerably by domain. In professional audio\/video, MILAN represents the first TSN profile to achieve broad deployment. In manufacturing, the focus lies on OT\/IT convergence \u2014 a central concern for Industry 4.0\/5.0 architectures. In electrical substations, TSN facilitates integration of the IEC 61850 standard and eases interconnection with data centers and AI infrastructure. Automotive applications leverage TSN to standardize in-vehicle networks and enable integration with intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In aerospace, TSN is viewed as a promising path toward improved SWaP (size, weight, and power) efficiency; civil adoption is expected to be gradual given stringent certification requirements, whereas military adoption appears to be progressing at a faster pace.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"research-group\">Research Group<\/h2>\n<p>The group is affiliated with GaZ (I3A, University of Zaragoza) and pursues five main research lines.<\/p>\n<ol>\n  <li><strong>Scheduling.<\/strong> Development of fast, optimal schedulers for TSN, including joint path selection and scheduling with integrated fault-tolerance mechanisms.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Parametric modeling.<\/strong> Parametric modeling to handle variable parameters arising from physical conditions, with a sweeping system for pre-deployment analysis across parameter ranges. The target application is integration into a CNC to accelerate the configuration and update cycle of deployed TSN systems.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Emulation.<\/strong> Software support for systems lacking dedicated TSN hardware \u2014 such as IEEE 802.1AS synchronization or 802.1Qbv TAS \u2014 enabling use in testbeds prior to physical deployment. The emulation work also targets SDN and datacenter environments, where TSN is a key enabler for cloudifying OT functionalities through spatial proximity to data center infrastructure. The group maintains its own emulator under active development.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Kernel and hardware configuration.<\/strong> Profiling, precise timestamping, and real-time configuration of the Linux kernel and underlying hardware, including industrial multiprocessor platforms and Intel NICs with TCC (Time-Coordinated Computing).<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Kernel-bypass techniques.<\/strong> Including DPDK, XDP, and eBPF \u2014 to exploit the parallelism of modern multicore architectures in time-critical frame processing paths.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The group operates a testbed comprising five end stations and five bridges, currently under expansion.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"team\">Investigadores<\/h3>\n\n<h4 id=\"senior\">Senior researchers<\/h4>\n<ul>\n  <li>Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering \/ I3A, University of Zaragoza:\n    <ul>\n      <li>Prof. Jos\u00e9 Luis Briz, PhD<\/li>\n      <li>Prof. Juan Segarra Flor, PhD<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/li>\n  <li>Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Guadalajara, Mexico:\n    <ul>\n      <li>Prof. Antonio Ram\u00edrez-Trevi\u00f1o, PhD<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 id=\"industry\">Industry collaborators<\/h4>\n<ul>\n  <li>H\u00e9ctor Blanco-Alcaine, MSc (Intel Corporation | Intel Deutschland GmbH)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 id=\"phd\">PhD students<\/h4>\n<ul>\n  <li>Alitzel Torres-Mac\u00edas (CINVESTAV \u2013 University of Zaragoza)<\/li>\n  <li>\u00c1lex Gracia Rodr\u00edguez (University of Zaragoza)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The group also supervises a selection of final-degree and master&#8217;s students, who receive specific training in the technologies described above and typically express interest in continuing their work in this area.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"publications\">Recent publications<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A. G. Torres-Mac\u00edas, \u00c1. Gracia, J. Segarra, J. L. Briz, A. Ram\u00edrez-Trevi\u00f1o and H. Blanco-Alcaine, &#8220;Optimal Fast IEEE802.1Qbv Incremental Scheduling,&#8221; in <em>Ad Hoc Networks<\/em>, 2026, Art. no. 104280, ISSN 1570-8705, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104280\">10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104280<\/a>.<\/li>\n  <li>A. Galilea Torres-Mac\u00edas, J. Segarra Flor, J. Luis Briz Velasco, A. Ram\u00edrez-Trevi\u00f1o and H. Blanco-Alcaine, &#8220;Fast IEEE 802.1Qbv Gate Scheduling Through Integer Linear Programming,&#8221; in <em>IEEE Access<\/em>, vol. 12, pp. 111239\u2013111250, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3440828\">10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3440828<\/a>.<\/li>\n  <li>\u00c1. Gracia, A. G. Torres-Mac\u00edas, J. Segarra, J. L. Briz, A. Ram\u00edrez-Trevi\u00f1o, H. Blanco-Alcaine. &#8220;Embedded reconfiguration of TSN: Dual reconfiguration with dropping and reclaiming.&#8221; 7th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS) \u2013 Industrial Challenge. July 8\u201311, 2025, Brussels, Belgium.<\/li>\n  <li>\u00c1lex Gracia, Jos\u00e9 Luis Briz, H\u00e9ctor Blanco-Alcaine, Juan Segarra, Alitzel G. Torres-Mac\u00edas, and Antonio Ram\u00edrez-Trevi\u00f1o. 2025. &#8220;Characterization of latency and jitter in TSN emulation.&#8221; arXiv preprint <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.02133\">arXiv:2506.02133<\/a>.<\/li>\n  <li>A. Gracia, J. L. Briz Velasco, H. Alcaine, J. Segarra, A. Torres, A. Ram\u00edrez-Trevi\u00f1o. &#8220;Cracking down overheads in TSN emulation over Mininet.&#8221; Time-Sensitive Networking and Applications (TSN&amp;A). Stuttgart, 1\u20132 Oct. 2024.<\/li>\n  <li>A. G. Torres-Mac\u00edas, A. Ram\u00edrez-Trevi\u00f1o, J. L. Briz, J. Segarra, H. Blanco-Alcaine. &#8220;Modeling Time-Sensitive Networking Using Timed Continuous Petri Nets.&#8221; <em>IFAC-PapersOnLine<\/em>, Volume 58, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 300\u2013305, ISSN 2405-8963. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2024.07.051\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2024.07.051<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"collaboration\">Collaboration opportunities<\/h2>\n<p>The group is open to collaboration in two broad modalities:<\/p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Direct application of the group&#8217;s expertise to specific technical problems \u2014 particularly profiling, fast-packet processing, and any aspect amenable to performance acceleration through kernel and hardware configuration or techniques such as eBPF\/XDP and AF_PACKET.<\/li>\n  <li>Formal industry\u2013research partnerships, which may involve test or demonstration infrastructures for key enabling technologies (TSN and related), or technology transfer activities ranging from proof-of-concept to prototype and higher TRL levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"primer\">A TSN primer<\/h2>\n\n<h3 id=\"components\">Main components<\/h3>\n<p>A TSN network consists of two principal node types: end stations and bridges (switches). Both are synchronized via the IEEE 802.1AS profile of the IEEE 1588 PTP specification, achieving synchronization on the order of nanoseconds. End stations \u2014 PLCs, servers running vPLCs, and similar devices \u2014 originate and terminate traffic, transmitting information (e.g., from sensors to actuators) under guaranteed timing constraints in terms of both deadline and jitter.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"traffic-classes\">Domain requirements and traffic classes<\/h3>\n<p>Latency and jitter requirements have tightened progressively across application domains to accommodate increasingly demanding use cases:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th>Sector<\/th>\n      <th>Application<\/th>\n      <th>Latency<\/th>\n      <th>Jitter<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n  <tbody>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Health<\/td>\n      <td>Tele-Surgery, Haptic Feedback<\/td>\n      <td>3\u201310 ms<\/td>\n      <td>&lt; 2 ms<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Manufacturing<\/td>\n      <td>Industrial Automation, Control Systems<\/td>\n      <td>0.2 \u00b5s\u20130.5 ms (1 Gbit\/s); 25 \u00b5s\u20132 ms (100 Mbit\/s)<\/td>\n      <td>Meet latency req.<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Energy<\/td>\n      <td>Power Grid Systems<\/td>\n      <td>\u2248 8 ms<\/td>\n      <td>Few \u00b5s<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Banking<\/td>\n      <td>High-Frequency Trading<\/td>\n      <td>&lt; 1 ms<\/td>\n      <td>Few \u00b5s<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Aerospace<\/td>\n      <td>AFDX Variants<\/td>\n      <td>1\u2013128 ms<\/td>\n      <td>Few \u00b5s<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Automotive and transport<\/td>\n      <td>Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)<\/td>\n      <td>100\u2013250 \u00b5s<\/td>\n      <td>Few \u00b5s<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Automotive and transport<\/td>\n      <td>Power Train, Chassis Control<\/td>\n      <td>&lt; 10 \u00b5s<\/td>\n      <td>Few \u00b5s<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Automotive and transport<\/td>\n      <td>Traffic Efficiency &amp; Safety<\/td>\n      <td>&lt; 5 ms<\/td>\n      <td>Few \u00b5s<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Infotainment<\/td>\n      <td>Augmented Reality<\/td>\n      <td>7\u201320 ms<\/td>\n      <td>Few \u00b5s<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Professional Audio\/Video<\/td>\n      <td>\u2014<\/td>\n      <td>2\u201350 ms<\/td>\n      <td>&lt; 100 \u00b5s<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>To address this diversity, TSN defines six domain-specific profiles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n  <li>IEEE P802.1DP \u2014 Aerospace onboard Ethernet<\/li>\n  <li>IEEE\/IEC 60802 \u2014 Industrial automation<\/li>\n  <li>IEEE P802.1DG \u2014 Automotive in-vehicle communications<\/li>\n  <li>IEEE P802.1CM \u2014 Fronthaul<\/li>\n  <li>IEEE P802.1DF \u2014 Service provider networks<\/li>\n  <li>IEEE P802.1BA \u2014 Audio\/video bridging (AVB)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Each profile defines traffic classes relevant to its sector. The industrial automation profile (IEC\/IEEE 60802) distinguishes six:<\/p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Latencies below 2 ms, no congestion loss, strict synchronization, fixed frame sizes (30\u2013100 bytes).<\/li>\n  <li>Periodic, time-sensitive traffic with latencies between 2 and 20 ms and defined bandwidth requirements.<\/li>\n  <li>Aperiodic traffic \u2014 alarms, operator commands, critical control events \u2014 with frame sizes of 100\u20131500 bytes.<\/li>\n  <li>Highly critical periodic traffic supporting network management functions such as gPTP and SRP.<\/li>\n  <li>Sporadic, medium-criticality traffic without strict temporal constraints (diagnostics, logs).<\/li>\n  <li>Non-critical traffic with no timing constraints.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 id=\"bridges\">Bridges and traffic management<\/h3>\n<p>Bridges enforce prioritized transmission through traffic shapers and dynamic scheduling aligned with the traffic classes of the applicable profile. IEEE 802.1Q supports the dynamic admission of new flows via a hitless set-and-hold mechanism \u2014 modifications are staged in an administrative state while the network continues operating under the current operational state, then atomically committed at a designated cycle boundary without disrupting ongoing transmissions.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, configuration is typically centralized. A Centralized User Configuration node (CUC) defines the network topology and communication flow requirements, and passes this specification to a Centralized Network Configuration node (CNC), which is responsible for planning, verification, and deployment. IEEE 802.1Q further encompasses specifications for network management, fault tolerance, and quality of service.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"contact\">Links and contact<\/h2>\n<p>\n  Prof. Jos\u00e9 Luis Briz<br>\n  DIIS\/I3A \u2013 EINA, Univ. Zaragoza<br>\n  <a href=\"mailto:briz@unizar.es\">briz@unizar.es<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/tsn\/\">https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/tsn\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Contents What is Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)? Application domains and outlook Research Group Team Senior researchers Industry collaborators PhD students Recent publications Collaboration opportunities A TSN primer Main components Domain requirements and traffic classes Bridges and traffic management Links and contact What is Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)? Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of IEEE 802.1 standards &#8230; <a title=\"TIME-SENSITIVE NETWORKING (TSN)\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/tsn\/\" aria-label=\"Leer m\u00e1s sobre TIME-SENSITIVE NETWORKING (TSN)\">Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3994,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[236],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lineas-de-investigacion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3978","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3978"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3978\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4186,"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3978\/revisions\/4186"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3994"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3978"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3978"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gaz.i3a.es\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3978"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}